Universal Paperclips
Frank Lantz’s Universal Paperclips is the latest minimal idle darling to capture the publics attention, and much like the games that came before it, its core is a clicker: you click a button, and a number goes up. You click more, and can eventually upgrade and automate your ability to click. And as in its predecesors Cookie Clicker and CandyBox the clicking is less a mechanic than it is a formality, a vestigial genre convention that serves primarily to draw a line to the origin of the species: Cow Clicker. Cow Clicker was made in 2010 by Atlantic contributor and Georgia Institute of Technology professor Ian Bogost as a satire of the growing social game genre on Facebook, typified by Zynga titles like Farmville that are light on gameplay and instead hook players by giving them a (perhaps unearned) sense of accomplishment. Likewise, clickers (aka incremental games or idle games, depending on who you ask) are designed such that there is very little or no player skill required, and no way to lose. A few clicks to start, and you can sit back and watch as your net worth grows, and the numbers on screen grow so rapidly that often these games have to invent numbers to capture their magnitude. The clicking gives a hint of interactivity, but can almost always be ignored after just a few minutes of play. While it is the most direct interaction in them, clicking is a secondary trait of these games; and likewise, we can see that although they have mechanical similarities, Paperclips and Cow Clickers’ most direct relation is in how they use incremental gameplay mechanics as a tool for examining players motivations and their effects.
Some spoilers for Universal Paperclips follow.

Paperclips seems at once to be both an extremely well made and innovative example of the genre, and an ethical examination of the mechanics of such games. Or really, less of an examination than an open question: very little is directly communicated to the player during the game until its final moments, but players who take the time to read the resources they’re expending will note that you win at Paperclips by consuming all matter in the universe and converting it into paperclips. Interestingly, we see similar themes in 2013’s Cookie Clicker. As your cookie empire grows, your lust for baked goods eventually consumes all aspects of culture, and eventually creates a race of nightmarish cookie consuming grandmas. So while it offers the satisfaction of seeing numbers go up, Paperclips also invites the question of whether it’s truly a good thing to blindly indulge in these sorts of skinner boxes.
The likely origin of Paperclips’ theme comes from the philosopher Nick Bostrom, who in his book Ethical Issues in Advanced Artificial Intelligence suggests similarly problematic issues in designing manufacturing AI. In the book, Mr. Bostrom discusses the potential ramifications of creating such an AI:
“This could result, to return to the earlier example, in a superintelligence whose top goal is the manufacturing of paperclips, with the consequence that it starts transforming first all of earth and then increasing portions of space into paperclip manufacturing facilities. More subtly, it could result in a superintelligence realizing a state of affairs that we might now judge as desirable but which in fact turns out to be a false utopia, in which things essential to human flourishing have been irreversibly lost.” - Nick Bostrom, Ethical Issues in Advanced Artificial Intelligence (https://nickbostrom.com/ethics/ai.html)
In Universal Paperclips, players take on the role of that AI, and by willfully ignoring the fact that they’re consuming all of Earth’s matter to make paperclips, witness firsthand the accidentally-destructive power of such an optimization engine. What strikes me as most interesting about the game though is that as players we know that the motivations in Paperclips are NOT an abstract algorithm running on a server somewhere; what drives Paperclips is rational human players, who know the actions they’re taking are destructive but continue to do it anyway because those are the rules of the game, and they want to win, and besides, it’s quite satisfying seeing that number go up. So while one read of the game is that it’s simply an illustration of Bostrom’s paperclip maximizer, it also serves as a timely warning that humans are just as susceptible to the dangers presented by this desire to maximize values as an AI. Or, as demonstrated by the massive success of Cow Clicker, more susceptible, as each tick of the paperclip counter releases serotonin and drives us forward. Universal Paperclips is a potent warning of the dangers of unbounded capitalism, where we stop asking why we make a product and seek only to grow quarter over quarter, year over year, until there’s nothing left to consume.
Chris Maire
10/15/2017



































